The geological origins of Mt Kilimanjaro are found in the formation of the Rift Valley, back in the early Pleistocene period (around 1.5 million years ago). The volcanic activity was concentrated in the craters of: Shira, Kibo and Mawenzi. Each grew separately and a couple of hundred thousand years ago their summits were all over 5000m. First Shira then Mawenzi became extinct, whereas Kibo remains active today.

Kibo's eruptions covered most of the eroded Shira crater creating the 'Shira Plateau' and lava 'Saddle' near Mawenzi.

The last eruption of Kibo was 100 000 years ago. In all, nine lava types from earlier activity have been identified. At present Kibo is classified as a dormant active volcano. If you descend into the crater a strong sulfurous smell is present and, in the inner ash pit, fumaroles are still found.

The origins of the name 'Kilimanjaro' is a subject for debate. In KiSwahili, the word Kilima literally means 'hill', while the affix -najaro means 'greatness'. According to local tradition, Njaro is the demon who was living on the summit guarding a huge treasure. There are tales of an ancient Chagga king who went to the top but few of his party survived. Another alternative is Waswahili slaving and ivory Caravan Drivers used the word 'Kilimajyaro' meaning 'landmark'.

Both Arab and Chinese traders mention a giant mountain lying inland from Mombasa and Zanzibar. However it was not until the mid 19th century that well documented attempts were made to scale it.

In 1848 Johann Rebmann a missionary from Germany sent reports of a snow clad mountain seen from Tsavo. This report stimulated well funded interest in Germany and several expeditions were dispatched. The first was led by by Baron von Decken. It was Dr. Hans Meyer who finally stood on Uhuru Peak on the 5th of October 1889.

For more information on climbing Kilimanjaro or visiting Tanzania's mountains click Climb Kilimanjaro with Mountain Kingdom Safaris